Urban sprawl and growth management – drivers, impacts and responses in selected European and US cities

Future Cities and Environment

Table 3 Summary of significant drivers, policies and impacts in the eight cases, 2006–2012

	Main drivers	Main growth management policies	Urban sprawl effects^a
Manchester	Population	Containment, rural preservation, co-ordination	little
Copenhagen	Population and conomy	Containment, attraction, co-ordination	little
Portland	Population and economy	Containment, attraction, co-ordination	little
The Hague	Economy	Attraction, rural preservation, co-ordination	Expansion, weak area efficiency
Montpellier	Population and economy	Containment	Expansion, small patches
Warsaw	Economy	Co-ordination	Expansion, leapfrogging on agricultural land
Seattle	Population and economy	Containment, market incentives, co-ordination	Small patches, leapfrogging on nature areas
Leipzig	Economy, (Population)	Attraction, rural preservation	Weak area efficiency, leapfrogging